{"id":92550,"date":"2023-09-13T15:40:03","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T13:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gahzly.com\/%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9\/"},"modified":"2023-09-13T15:53:01","modified_gmt":"2023-09-13T13:53:01","slug":"battery-configuration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gahzly.com\/en\/\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\/battery-configuration\/","title":{"rendered":"Battery configuration"},"content":{"rendered":"

Battery configuration<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n
\"Battery
Battery configuration<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A battery system manages chemical reactions to store electricity for later use, whether it’s electricity from a generator or the public grid. <\/span>Technically, electricity itself cannot be physically stored, but the relative energy equivalent is stored as potential energy through a chemical reaction, and can be converted into electricity later. <\/span>Chemical batteries work by charging a solution that retains a charge long enough to be discharged again and distributed later.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

System architecture<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Batteries are limited storage media and work in relatively simple ways.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Batteries can only receive and provide direct current, while most large electrical appliances and power supplies use alternating current. <\/span>To accommodate this, batteries need external devices to convert currents according to use and need.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • To receive alternating current, the battery will need an inverter or a specialized battery charger.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
  • To deliver AC power, the battery will need an external inverter.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    These two devices are often combined into an inverter charger that can be used as an intermediary between the battery and the closed circuit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Because each battery has a limited capacity, battery power supplies require special equipment to monitor and control the flow of electricity entering the battery, called a charge controller. <\/span>The charge controller will constantly monitor the battery’s state of charge – recognizing how “full” it is – and should automatically terminate charging once the battery is full. <\/span>Batteries are very active and can be very dangerous if overcharged! <\/span>An overcharged battery can spark, start fires and even explode, and possibly spew dangerous chemicals while exposed. <\/span>You should not attempt to obtain a backup battery without a suitable charge controller.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    As with a generator installation, a backup battery must also have all available protection installed, including breakers, fuses and a grounding cable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Therefore, a battery system typically includes:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • One or more batteries.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
    • Inverter charger.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
    • Charge controller.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
    • Cable and protective devices such as fuses and grounding.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Batteries<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

      A battery is a storage device capable of storing chemical energy and converting it into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. <\/span>There are many different types of chemistry used, such as nickel-cadmium batteries used to power small portable devices or lithium-ion (Li-on) batteries used in larger portable devices. <\/span>However, the most proven and longest-used type of chemistry is the lead-acid battery.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Species<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

      Batteries are made in many materials and shapes to suit different purposes. <\/span>This guide will focus on the most common batteries used as backups for power generation sources. <\/span>The two main types can be summarized as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Flooded batteries.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
      2. Valve regulated lead acid batteries.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Flooded batteries:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Flooded cell batteries are the most common conventional batteries used in internal combustion vehicles. <\/span>Flooded cell batteries are referred to in several ways:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Flooded battery.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
        • Wet cell battery.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
        • Spillable lead acid battery.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
        • Lockable lead acid battery.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          These batteries contain a liquid electrolyte mixture that can move freely in the cell chamber. <\/span>Users can access individual cells and add distilled water (or acid) when the battery runs dry. <\/span>The main characteristic of this type of battery is its low cost, which makes it available almost everywhere around the world, and is widely used in low-income or developing countries. <\/span>Flooded batteries are very easy to handle and can be charged using a simple, non-regulated charger. <\/span>However, these batteries require regular inspection and maintenance, and extreme weather can significantly impact battery life due to the ability of the electrolyte solution inside the battery to evaporate or freeze.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          These batteries are usually made with 2 terminals and 6 caps allowing all 2V compartments or cells to be used, giving a total voltage of 12V. <\/span>For this type of battery, the typical absorption voltage range is 14.4 to 14.9 volts and the typical flood voltage range is 13.1 to 13.4 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Car or truck batteries are not suitable as a permanent storage system<\/span><\/span><\/strong> . <\/span>Vehicle batteries are designed to provide high current over short periods, especially for starting a combustion engine. <\/span>There are lead-acid batteries recently designed specifically for storage applications.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Valve regulated lead acid ( <\/span><\/span><\/strong>VRLA <\/span><\/span><\/strong>) batteries:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

          A valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery is a term that can refer to a number of different models and designs, but they all share the same characteristic \u2013 they are sealed. <\/span>Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries are sometimes referred to as sealed or non-spillable lead acid batteries. <\/span>The enclosed nature of batteries makes transporting them easier and less risky, and they can even be transported via aircraft under certain circumstances. <\/span>However, being airtight reduces their lifespan as they cannot be refilled \u2013 their average lifespan is 5 years at 20\u00b0C.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          A valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery is usually expensive and requires a fully regulated charger, making it less common worldwide. <\/span>These batteries may still use lead-acid as the chemical solution, but may use serrated pins instead of chambers and terminals.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          The name battery comes from the valve regulating mechanism that allows the safe escape of hydrogen and oxygen gases during charging. <\/span>There are also more advanced designs, including:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n\n
          Absorbent glass fiber ( <\/span><\/span><\/strong>AGM <\/span><\/span><\/strong>)\u00a0 batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\nThe structure of absorbent glass fiber (AGM) batteries allows the electrolyte solution to be suspended in close proximity to the active material of the plate. <\/span>This enhances both discharging and recharging efficiency.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Because there is no liquid inside, these batteries outperform flooded batteries in applications where maintenance is difficult, however they are sensitive to over- or under-charging which affects their lifespan and performance. <\/span>Absorbent glass fiber (AGM) batteries operate reliably when used to discharge no more than 50% of battery capacity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Absorbent glass fiber (AGM) batteries are usually the battery type of choice in off-grid systems.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          Gel cell batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\nGel cell batteries contain hydroacid in gel form. <\/span>The electrolyte in a gel cell battery contains a silica additive that causes it to gel or solidify. <\/span>The recharging voltage level of this type of cell is lower than other types of lead-acid batteries, and gel cells are perhaps the most sensitive cells in terms of negative reactions to over-voltage charging.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Gel cell batteries are best used for very deep circuit applications and may last a little longer in hot weather. <\/span>Unfortunately, a total deep discharge will irreversibly destroy the battery. <\/span>If the incorrect battery charger is used on a gel cell battery, it is certain to have poor performance and early failure.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Note: It is very common for people to use the term gel cell when referring to maintenance-free sealed batteries, just as they use a brand name when referring to the entire product category. <\/span>Be very careful when choosing a charger – often times, when someone refers to a gel cell, they really mean a valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) or maintenance-free sealed absorbent glass fiber (AGM) battery. <\/span>Gel cell batteries are not as common as absorbent glass fiber (AGM) batteries, and will be difficult to obtain in humanitarian contexts.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

           <\/p>\n

          \n\n\n\n
          <\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\n
          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Battery Type<\/span><\/span><\/th>\nAbsorption voltage range<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\nImmersion voltage range<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          Flooded batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n14.4 to 14.9 volts<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n13.1 to 13.4 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Valve regulated lead acid ( <\/span><\/span><\/strong>VRLA <\/span><\/span><\/strong>) batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n14.2 to 14.5 volts<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n13.2 to 13.5 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Absorbent glass fiber ( <\/span><\/span><\/strong>AGM <\/span><\/span><\/strong>)\u00a0 batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n14.4 to 15.0 volts<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n13.2 to 13.8 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Gel cell batteries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n14.0 to 14.2 volts<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n13.1 to 13.3 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

          Capacity<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

          Capacity is defined as the total amount of energy that a battery can store and reproduce in the form of electricity. <\/span>Battery capacity is usually described in multiples of watt-hours (Wh) and on the order of \u2013 1 watt to 1 kilowatt (1000 watt-hours). <\/span>A watt-hour is defined as the electrical energy needed to supply one watt of electricity for one continuous hour. <\/span>For example, a standard 60-watt incandescent bulb will require 60 watt-hours of stored energy to operate for one hour. <\/span>It’s easy to see why correctly estimating consumption needs is important to design battery backup systems, especially for security-related or mission-critical items.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Perhaps the most important specification of a battery is its rated capacity in ampere-hours (Ah). <\/span>Watt-hours are determined when the ampere-hour (Ah) is combined with the battery voltage\u2014often 12 volts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          A <\/span><\/span><\/span>T <\/span><\/span><\/span>A <\/span><\/span><\/span>F <\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span><\/span>W <\/span><\/span>A <\/span><\/span>T <\/span><\/span>\/ <\/span><\/span>Q <\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>= <\/span><\/span>A <\/span><\/span>L <\/span><\/span>C <\/span><\/span>E <\/span><\/span>D <\/span><\/span><\/span>( <\/span><\/span><\/span>F <\/span><\/span>F <\/span><\/span>T <\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_ <\/span><\/span>_<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> _ ) \u00d7 Capacity (A\/h)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Battery capacity depends on:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n