This phenomenon is known as the concept of time delay in inductive circuits. In inductive circuits, coils resist instantaneous changes in current due to the inductance effect, the phenomenon that causes current to lag in response to an applied voltage.

When the voltage in an inductive circuit is changed, the inductive effect causes a Rate of Change of Current, which resists any instantaneous change in current. This means that when a sudden voltage is applied, it takes some time before the current changes to the new stable value.

When an AC voltage is applied, the current is always delayed due to the induction effect. The current in the coil is completely out of sync with the AC voltage, and is always on a delay. This delay causes a phase lag between the voltage and current.

The effect of time delay is more pronounced as the frequency increases, as the delay increases and the time required for the current to stabilize becomes shorter.

This is a property related to the behavior of capacitors in circuits. In the case of capacitors, the electrical charge is stored between two plates connected via an insulator. When you change the voltage across a capacitor, the current changes proportionally with this change, but there is a difference in delay between the capacitor’s voltage and its current.

When a sudden voltage is applied to a capacitor, a current flows to charge the capacitor. This current is initially maximum and tends towards the final value over time. In this case, the capacitor voltage lags the current.

When an AC voltage is applied, a delay between the capacitor’s voltage and its current also appears. This delay depends on the frequency of the alternating current. In this case, a phase lag appears between the capacitor’s voltage and its current, which is the opposite of the time lag in inductive circuits.

The use of capacitors to improve the power factor in circuits with inductive loads is due to the way in which alternating current interacts with these loads. There are two main factors that play a role in improving power factor using capacitors:

1. Power Factor Improvement: When loads are inductive (such as AC motors, or power transformers), there is a delay (lag) between voltage and current due to the inductive nature For pregnancy. This delay leads to poor improvement of power factor. By using capacitors, this delay can be compensated for and the power factor can be improved.
2. Reducing Losses: When there is a delay in the current, the inductive load increases the power losses in the wiring and equipment. By using capacitors to improve the power factor, these losses can be reduced and the efficiency of power transfer in the circuit can be improved.

By properly using powerful capacitors, the power factor can be improved and the delay between voltage and current can be reduced in circuits with inductive loads, increasing energy efficiency.

At the extreme, when the phase angle varies by 90 degrees, there will be zero current when the voltage is maximum, and vice versa. At those moments, the current and voltage are perpendicular, with the current being zero at maximum voltage and vice versa.

There are times when the current and voltage are in parallel (positive or negative), and at that point, the circuit consumes some amount of power and does not return it to the sources. There are other times when one voltage and current are positive while the other is negative, in which case the circuit is actually returning power to the sources.

On average, the power factor improves electrical efficiency when the power factor is 1. A capacitor is added to the circuit with inductors to adjust the phase angle and reduce or eliminate delay.

In the process of power factor optimization, it is preferable to connect capacitors in parallel. This allows it to improve the power factor without significantly affecting the voltage drop on the load.